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非謂語動詞重難點詳解,一篇全搞定!(附練習)

2021-03-06

 

非謂語動詞的含義

 

 

非謂語動詞(cí)首先是一種動詞(cí)形式,其次是這種動詞(cí)形式不能做謂語,綜合這兩點(diǎn) ,我們将其叫做非謂語動詞(cí) 。

 

非謂語動詞的形式

 

 

非謂語動(dòng)詞(cí)包含四種形式,即不定式、動(dòng)名詞(cí)、現在分詞(cí)和過去分詞(cí)。其中,每種形式按照發生時間和主被動(dòng)又包括不同的子形式。具體如下:

 

1. 不定式

①基本形式 :to do(表示主動(dòng),並(bìng)且一般表示将來)

②被動(dòng)式:to be done(表示被動(dòng),並(bìng)且一般表示将來)

③進(jìn)行式:to be doing (表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行)

④完成時(shí):to have done(表示主動(dòng)和完成)

⑤完成被動(dòng)式:to have been done(表示被動(dòng)和完成)

⑥完成進(jìn)行式:to have been doing (表示主動(dòng)和完成進(jìn)行)

 

The teacher told us to do morning exercises. 

老師讓我們做早操。

 

The car to be bought is for his sister. 

要買的這輛車(chē)是給(gěi)他的姐姐的。

 

She pretended to be reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 

老師進(jìn)來時,她假裝正在讀(dú)書。

 

The thief is said to have escaped. 

據說小偷已經逃跑瞭。

 

The thief is said to have been arrested. 

據說小偷已經被抓住瞭。

 

She is said to have been working in the factory over the last 20 years. 

據說在過(guò)去的20年裏,她一直在這家工廠(chǎng)工作。

 

2. 動名詞

①基本形式:doing (表示主動(dòng))

②被動(dòng)式:being done(表示被動(dòng))

③完成式:having done(表示主動(dòng)和完成)

④完成被動(dòng)式:having been done(表示被動(dòng)和完成) 

 

Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.

在未來(lái),普通人在太空旅行将會(huì)是普遍的事情。

 

Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans. Freddy

和他的樂隊(duì)到哪裏都被他們的粉絲跟著(zhe) 。

 

I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you. 

我不知道他做過(guò)這樣一件違(wéi)背你的事情。

 

Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop. 

很多顧(gù)客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少兩過(guò) 。

 

3. 現在分詞

①基本形式:doing (表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行)

②被動(dòng)式:being done(表示被動(dòng)和進(jìn)行)

③完成式:having done(表示主動(dòng)和完成)

④完成被動(dòng)式:having been done(表示被動(dòng)和完成) 

 

He sat there,reading a newspaper. 

他坐在那裏,讀著(zhe)一張報(bào)紙 。

 

The area being studied may be rich in coal. 

這(zhè)個(gè)正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。

 

Having finished my homework,I began to watch TV. 

完成作業後(hòu),我開始看電(diàn)視。

 

Having been told many times,she still can t remember it. 

已經被告訴瞭(le)很多次,她仍然記(jì)不住。

 

4. 過去分詞:done

及物動(dòng)詞(cí)的過去分詞(cí)表示被動(dòng)或完成;不及物動(dòng)詞(cí)的過去分詞(cí)表示主動(dòng)或完成。

 

polluted river 被污染的河流;fallen leaves 落葉(yè)

 

注意:非謂語動詞(cí)本身不能表示現在和過去。非謂語動詞(cí)表示進行、将來和完成時是相對於(yú)謂語動作來說的:和謂語動作同時發生表示進行;發生在謂語動作之後表示将來;發生在謂語動作之前表示完成。

 

非謂語動詞的語法

 

 

非謂語動(dòng)詞(cí)除去不能做謂語之外,其它所有成分都可以做。具體如下。

 

1. 不定式 :做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補語。

 

To learn a foreign language is difficult .(作主語(yǔ))

學會(huì)一門(mén)外語是很難的。

 

It’s easy to see their aunt.(作真正主語(yǔ),it做形式主語(yǔ))

很容易見到他們的姑姑。

 

Tom wanted to have a cup of beer.(作賓(bīn)語(yǔ))

湯姆想要喝杯啤酒。

 

His wish is to be a driver.(作表語(yǔ))

他的願望是當(dāng)一名司機(jī)。

 

I have nothing to say.(作定語(yǔ))

我沒有什麽可說的。

 

The teacher told us to do morning exercises . (作賓(bīn)語補(bǔ)足語)

老師讓我們做早操。

 

They went to see their aunt. (目的狀(zhuàng)語(yǔ))

他們(men)去見(jiàn)他們(men)的姑姑。 

 

2. 動名詞:做主語、賓語、表語、定語和補語。

 

Learning English is very difficult .(作主語(yǔ))

學英語非常困難。

 

I enjoy dancing.(作動詞(cí)賓(bīn)語)

我喜歡(huān)跳舞。 

 

I have got used to living in the country.(作介詞(cí)賓(bīn)語)

我已經習慣瞭住農村。

 

His job is driving a bus.(作表語(yǔ))

他的工作是開(kāi)車(chē)。 

 

3. 現在分詞:做表語、定語、狀語和補語。

 

The story is interesting.

這個故事有趣。

 

He sat there,reading a newspaper.(作狀(zhuàng)語(yǔ))

他坐在那裏,讀著(zhe)一張報(bào)紙。

 

The area being studied may be rich in coal.(作定語(yǔ))

這(zhè)個(gè)正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。

 

He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.(作賓(bīn)補(bǔ))

他看到小偷正在從(cóng)銀行偷錢(qián)。

 

4. 過去分詞:做表語、定語、狀語和補語。

 

He is interested in the news.(作表語(yǔ))

他對這則消息很感興趣。

 

polluted river(做定語(yǔ)) 

被污染的河流

 

Given more time,I can do my work better.(做狀(zhuàng)語(yǔ))

如果再被多給(gěi)些時間,我會(huì)把工作做得更好。

 

I found my watch stolen.(做賓(bīn)補(bǔ))

我發(fā)現我的手表被偷瞭(le)。

 

非謂語動詞重、疑、難點

 

 

1. 須用省去to 的不定式(do)作賓補的11個動詞。

 

五看(see、watch、notice、observe、look at)

兩(liǎng)聽(tīng)(hear、listen to)

三使(make、let、have)

一感覺(feel)

根據(jù)諧音記(jì)憶法,我們可以記(jì)做“吾看兩廳三室一感覺”。

 

I saw a big bird fly over the roof of the house yesterday.

昨天,我看到一隻大鳥飛過瞭(le)屋頂(dǐng)。

 

注意:以上11個動詞 ,也可以接現在分詞和過去分詞作賓(bīn)補,但在時間和語态上會有變(biàn)化 ,我們以see爲例來區分一下。

 

see sb. do sth. 看到某人做瞭(le)某事

see sb. doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事

see sb./sth. done 看到某人/某物被......

 

I see him make the phone call. 

我看到他打瞭(le)電(diàn)話。(他打電(diàn)話的整個動作我都看見瞭(le))

 

I see him making a phone call. 

我看到他正在打電(diàn)話。(強調看到他正在打電(diàn)話,並(bìng)沒有看見全過程.)

 

We often see him surrounded by much work. 

我們常常看見(jiàn)他被大量的工作包圍著(zhe).

 

2. 隻接不定式(不能接動名詞)作賓語的25個常用動詞

 

want、would like、wish、help、hope、learn、manage、offer、plan、afford、agree、arrange、ask、beg、care、choose、decide、demand、determine、expect、fear、prepare、pretend、promise、refuse

 

3. 隻接動名詞(不能接不定式)作賓語的28個常用動詞

 

practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、 mind、miss、permit、prohibit 

 

4. 既可接不定式也可接動名詞,但含義完全不同的8個動詞

 

remember to do sth. 記(jì)住要做某事(未做)  

remember doing sth. 記(jì)得做過(guò)某事(已做)  

 

forget to do sth. 忘記(jì)去做某事(未做)  

forget doing sth. 忘記(jì)做過(guò)某事(已做)

 

regret to do sth. 遺(yí)憾要做某事(未做)  

regret doing sth. 後(hòu)悔/抱歉做過(guò)某事(已做)

 

try to do sth. 努力做某事   

try doing sth. 嘗(cháng)試(shì)做某事 

 

mean to do sth. 計(jì)劃(huà)做某事  

mean doing sth. 意味著(zhe)做某事 

 

can’t help to do sth. 不能幫(bāng)助做某事 

can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事  

 

go>

go>

 

stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事

stop doing sth. 停下正在做的事情

 

5. 所有非謂語動詞的完成形式都不能做定語,如to have done、to have been done、to have been doing、having done 和 having been done。

 

非謂語動詞的解題步驟

 

 

1. 判斷非謂語動作的邏輯主語,以此來確定它表示主動含義還是被動含義。

 

①非謂動(dòng)詞(cí)做定語時,其邏輯主語是它所修飾的名詞(cí)或代詞(cí)。

②非謂語動(dòng)作做狀語時 ,其邏輯(jí)主語是句子主語。

③非謂語動作做賓(bīn)補(bǔ)時,其邏輯主語是它前面的賓(bīn)語。

 

2. 判斷非謂語動作與謂語動作的先後關系。

 

和謂語動(dòng)作同時發(fā)生表示進行,應用以上提到的進行式(to be doing和doing);發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之後表示将來,應用(to do和to be done);發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前表示完成,應用(to have done、to have been done、to have been doing、having done、having been done和done)。

 

例如下面幾題:

 

(1)_____ all my money>A. Spending                 

B. Spend                     

C. To spend           

D. Having spent

 

【答案與解析】D “已經花瞭(le)所有的錢買車”做時間狀語 ,所以其邏輯主語應是句子主語“我”。“我”與“花錢”之間應該是主動關系,並(bìng)且“花錢”發生在謂語動作“can’t afford a holiday”之前,所以非謂語動詞應用主動和完成的含義,故選“D”。

 

(2)An exercise method         to improve strength and balance is becoming popular in the United States.

A. designing                

B. designed                  

C. to be designed    

D. being designed 

 

【答案與解析】B “設計”在這裏是定語,修飾其前的“an exercise method”,所以其邏輯主語應該是它的被修飾詞(cí)“an exercise method”,所以表被動(dòng)。因爲“設計”這個動(dòng)詞(cí)在這裏本身已經完成,所以應用表示被動(dòng)完成含義的designed。

 

(3)Open your heart, and you’ll make yourself better ______.

A. known                  

B. knowing                        

C. to know      

D. know

 

【答案與解析】A  ”知道,瞭(le)解“在這裏做賓(bīn)補,所以其邏輯主語是其前的賓(bīn)語”yourself“,”yourself“和”知道,瞭(le)解“在這裏是被動關系,所以選擇過去分詞”known“。

 

專項練習
 
 

 

1.                    (encourage) by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
 
2.                   (approach) the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
 
3. He had a wonderful childhood,                   (travel) with his mother to all corners of the world.
 
4.                  (look) at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
 
5. The lady walked around the shops,                   (keep) an eye out for bargains.

 

6. I have a lot of readings                   (complete) before the end of this term.
 
7. It rained heavily in the south,                  (cause) serious flooding in several provinces.
 
8. A great number of students                   (question) said they were forced to practise the piano.    
 
9. Mrs.White showed her students some old maps                    (borrow) from the library.
 
10. With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank                     (buy) presents for my dad.
 
11.                    (see) from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
 
12. With the government’s aid, those                    (affect) by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. 
 
13.                    (complete) the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
 
14. The news shocked the public,                   (lead) to great concern about students’ safety at school. 
 
15. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock,                  ( send) supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.
 
16.                   (bite) twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.  
 
17.                    (remind) not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.  
 
18.                   (give) the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow the international stars. 
 
19. The children all turned                      (look) at the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
 
20. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city,                     (kill) all four people on board. 
 
21. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace,                  (compare) with his old one.  
 
22. — Did the book give the information you needed?
— Yes. But                     (find) it,I had to read the entire book.
 
23.                     (throw) their hats into the air,the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
 
24. We finished the run in less than half the time                   (allow).
 
25. The trees                    (blow) down in the storm have been moved off the road.
 
26.                    (complete) the project as planned,we’ll have to work two more hours a day.
 
27.I’m tired out.I stayed up the whole night,                    (study) for my midterm math exam.
 
28.                    (raise) people’s living standards, the central government will take more measures in the coming years.
 
29. He told me to start early,                   (remind) me that the roads would be crowded.
 
30.                    (import) from other countries, sand painting is now being recognized in China for its uniqueness and creativity.
 
31.                  (live) in the country, we had few social activities.
 
32. She seems to prefer                   (watch) American TV Shows to talking to me.
 
33.                  (control) her emotion, she buried her face in her hands.
 
34. The reporter apologized for any misunderstandings                    (cause) by his article on that film star. 
 
35.                   (lower) the housing price, several measures have been adopted in the last two years.
 
36. Programmes,                   (design) to bring the old and the young together, are growing in popularity all over the world.
 
37.                   (gain) valuable experience, he asked to be sent to remote areas.
 
38. The seats                   (reserve) for children and seniors are right at the front of the buses.
 
39.Many things such as going abroad and owning a car,                   (consider) impossible in the past, are now very common.
 
40. After a long absence, I went back to college,                  (hope) to pick up where I’d left off.
 
41. Was it                   (hold) the international conference that made the city the focus of this area?
 
42. I’m sorry I was late.                   (make) up for it, let me treat you to a meal.

 

43.                  (save) power, turn off the hot water after you are done showering.
 
44. A person, when                   (challenge), can often do what is normally beyond his ability.
 
45.                   (offer) a better position at IBM, he became more and more confident of his ability.
 
46. Today, people are paying more and more attention to their health,                    (make) books on keeping healthy extremely hot.
 
47. More than a quarter of the energy                  (use) in the United States goes to moving people and goods from one place to another.
 
48. The reporter apologized for any misunderstandings                   (cause) by his article on that film star. 
 
49. Some seemingly harmless blogs might become harmful when                   (read) on the Internet by millions of people.
 
50. Not                  (impress) with the quality of your goods, I will certainly not advise others to buy them.
 
 
 
參考答案

1. Encouraged  

3.Traveling/

Travelling 

5. keeping   

7. causing  

9. borrowed  

11. Seen  

13. To complete 

15. sending 

17. Reminded  

19. to look  

21. compared 

23. Throwing  

25. blown

27. studying  

29. reminding  

31. Living  

33. To control  

35. To lower 

37. To gain  

39. considered  

41. holding  

43. To save  

45. Offered

47. used  

49. read  

2. Approaching  

4. Looking  

6. to complete  

8. questioned  

10. to buy 

12. affected  

14. leading  

16. Bitten  

18. Given  

20. killing 

22. to find 

24. allowed  

26. To complete  

28. To raise  

30. Imported

32. watching 

34. caused  

36. designed  

38. reserved  

40. hoping

42. To make  

44. challenged  

46. making  

48. caused  

50. impressed

 
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