01 現在完成時
1. 現在完成時結構:
主語 + 助動(dòng)詞(cí)have(has) + 動(dòng)詞(cí)過去分詞(cí)
否定句:have/has後(hòu)加not, haven’t/hasn’t
一般疑問(wèn)句:have/has提前
2. 現在完成時的用法:
(1)表示過去發生的某一動作對現在造成的影響或産(chǎn)生的結果,強調(diào)的是這個結果或影響,常與yet,already,just,before,lately等時間狀語連用。
—Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃過午飯(fàn)瞭(le)嗎?
—Yes, I have. I have just had it. 是的,我剛吃過。(現在我不餓(è)瞭(le)。)
I have already posted the photos. 我已經寄過(guò)這些照片瞭(le)。(這些照片已不在我這裏瞭(le)。)
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(2)過去發生的事情,一直持續到現在(其謂語動(dòng)詞(cí)多是延續性動(dòng)詞(cí)或表示狀态的詞(cí))。
I haven’t seen her these days. 近來我一直沒見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我認識李雷已經(jīng)三年瞭(le)。
They have lived here since 1996. 他們自從(cóng)1996年就住在這兒(ér)。
She has taught us since I came to this school. 自從(cóng)我來(lái)這所學校,她就教我。
3. 現在完成時多與下列時間狀語連用:
(1)用於(yú)"過去發生的事,對(duì)現在造成的影響或結果"的時間狀語有:
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(2)用於(yú)"過去發(fā)生的事,一直延續到現在"的時間狀語有:
for + 時(shí)間(jiān)段 for two years
so far 目前;迄今爲(wèi)止
up to now=till now=by now 到現(xiàn)在爲(wèi)止;直到現(xiàn)在
all the time 總(zǒng)是;一直
recently/lately 最近
these days 近幾(jǐ)天
by the end of...到……末/結(jié)束 by the end of this month/year 到本月/年末
during /over the last (past) few years 在過(guò)去的幾(jǐ)年中
in the last /past days/ months/ years 在過(guò)去的幾個(gè)天/月/年中
(3)在條件、時間、讓步狀語從(cóng)句中,表示将來某時以前已完成的動(dòng)作。
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
(4)非延續性動(dòng)詞(cí)的否定形式可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用即動(dòng)作不發生的狀态是可以持續的。
I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
(5)since與(yǔ)for用法比較(jiào)
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4. 現在完成時的常用固定句型
(1)That/This/It is the first (second, third ... ) time... (that) ...句型中,從(cóng)句要用現在完成時(shí)。
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次參(cān)觀(guān)這座城市。
It is the third time that the boy has been late. 這是這個男生第三次遲(chí)到瞭(le)。
(2)"That/This/It is the + 形容詞(cí)最高級 + 名詞(cí) + (that)從(cóng)句"中,that 從(cóng)句要用現在完成時。
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好看的電(diàn)影。
(3)在"It is/has been + 一段時間 + since ... "句型中,主句常用現在完成時或一般現在時,從(cóng)句用一般過(guò)去時。
It has been/ It’s 5 years since we last met. 自從(cóng)上一次我們見面到現在已經是五年瞭(le)。
It’s / It has been 3 months since the man died. 那人死去3個(gè)月瞭(le)。
(4)一段時間+ 完成時結構+ since 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從(cóng)句
Two years has passed since I came here. 我來這兒(ér)已經兩年瞭(le)。
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【疑難辨析】
1.(2019·新課(kè)标II卷·語(yǔ)法填空)I don t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years
【答案】have made
【解析】考查動詞(cí)的時态。根據該定語從句中的時間狀語“over the years”可知,此處(chù)用現在完成時态,句意:我喜歡到這裏來看看我的家人和我這些年來交到的朋友們。故填have made。
2.(2018·北京卷·單(dān)項(xiàng)填空)China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown
【答案】B
【解析】考查時态。句意:在過去的幾年裏,中國的高速鐵路已經從9,000公裏增長(zhǎng)到25,000公裏。該句時間狀語爲in the past few years。中國高速鐵路的增長(zhǎng)是從過去一直到現在幾年裏的情況,故該句應用現在完成時态。B選項正確(què)。
3. In the last few years, China __________ great achievements in environmental protection.
A. has made B. had made C. was making D.is making
【答案】A
【解析】句意:在過去的這些年裏,中國在環境保護中取得瞭(le)很大的成就。由時間狀語in the last few years可推知動作從過去一段時間持續到現在並(bìng)對現在造成影響,用現在完成時。故選A。
02 過去完成時
1. 基本結構:
肯定句:主語 + had + 過(guò)去分詞(cí) + 其他.
否定句:主語 + had + not + 過(guò)去分詞(cí) + 其他.
一般疑問句:Had + 主語 + 過(guò)去分詞(cí) + 其他?
特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞(cí)或詞(cí)組 + 一般疑問句(Had + 主語 + 過(guò)去分詞(cí) + 其他)?
2. 基本用法
(1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成瞭(le)的動作,也可以說過去的時間關於(yú)過去的動作。即"過去的過去"。可以用by,before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句(在複合句中,由時間連接詞引導的狀語從句叫做時間狀語從句)來表示,也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示,還可能通過上下文來表示。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9點(diǎn)鍾,我們已經收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。
(2)表示由過去的某一時刻開始,一直延續到過去另一時間的動(dòng)作或狀态,常和for,since構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 當車(chē)來的時候,我在車(chē)站已經等瞭(le)20分鍾。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他說自從(cóng)1949年以來他就在那家工廠(chǎng)工作。
(3)叙述過去發生的事情,在已叙述瞭(le)過去發生的事情後,反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發生的動作時,常使用過去完成時。
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世瞭(le)。他以前是我的好朋友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我對動(dòng)詞(cí)一無所知,因爲我沒有好好學習功課。
(4)在含有定語從(cóng)句的主從(cóng)複合句中,如果叙述的是過去的事,先發生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時。
I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸(guī)還瞭(le)我借的書。
She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的鑰(yào)匙找到瞭(le)。
(5)過去完成時常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞(cí)後的賓(bīn)語從句(或間接引語)中,這時從句中的動作發生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。
He said that he had known her well. 他說(shuō)他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)爲我一星期前就把信寄出去瞭(le)。
(6)狀語從(cóng)句:在過去不同時間發生的兩個動(dòng)作中,發生在前,用過去完成時;發生在後,用一般過去時。
如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的從(cóng)句。
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒來(lái)時雨已停瞭(le)。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之後(hòu)才睡覺(jué)。
注意:如果兩個動作緊接著(zhe)發生,則常常不用過去完成時,特别是在包含before和after的複合句中,因爲這時從句的動作和主句的動作發生的先後順序已經非常明確(què),這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之後(hòu),努力提高他的英語水平。
(7)動(dòng)詞(cí)think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現的想法、希望、打算或意圖等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他們本來打算去幫(bāng)忙,但沒有及時趕(gǎn)到那裏。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我們(men)本來(lái)希望能來(lái)看看你。
(8)過(guò)去完成時還(hái)可用在hardly...when...,no sooner... than...,It was the first (second, etc) time (that)...等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講,聽衆就打斷(duàn)瞭(le)他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛(gāng)到就又走瞭(le)。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)瞭(le)。
3. 過去完成時的語法判定
(1)由時間狀語來判定
一般說來,各種時态都有特定的時間(jiān)狀語。與過(guò)去完成時連用的時間(jiān)狀語有:
①by + 過去的時間點
I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.
②by the end of + 過(guò)去的時間點(diǎn)
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
③before + 過(guò)去的時間點(diǎn)
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
(2)由"過去的過去"來判定
過去完成時表示"過去的過去",是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先後關系,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時,在後的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現在:
①賓語從句中
當賓(bīn)語從句的主句爲一般過去時,且從句的動作先於(yú)主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。如told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞後的賓(bīn)語從句。
She said that she had seen the film before.
②狀語從句中
在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從(cóng)句中,主、從(cóng)句的動(dòng)作發生有先後關系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過去完成時,動(dòng)作在後的要用一般過去時。
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意:before,after 引導的時間狀語從句中,由於(yú) before 和 after 本身已表達瞭(le)動作的先後關系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
③表示意向的動(dòng)詞(cí),如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本……,未能……"。
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
(3)根據上、下文來判定
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
【巧學妙記】
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1.(2019·天津卷·單(dān)項(xiàng)填空)I __________ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage,but I couldn t manage it.
A. had hopedB. am hoping
C. have hopedD. would hope
【答案】A
【解析】考查過去完成時。句意:我本來計劃在Peter結婚時送他一個(gè)禮物的,可是我沒有做到。第二個(gè)分句中“couldn’t”用的是一般過去時,它之前的動(dòng)作用過去完成時。故選A。
2. (2018·天津卷·單(dān)項(xiàng)填空) If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach
A. had caught B. caught
C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【解析】考查虛拟語氣。句意:如果我們昨天趕上飛機的話,現在我們正在海灘享受我們的假日瞭(le)。根據時間狀語yesterday可知,從(cóng)句表示與過去事實相反,故用had + v-ed。故選A。
3.(2017·北京卷·單(dān)項(xiàng)填空)In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _______ yet.
A. haven’t invented B. haven’t been invented
C. hadn’t invented D. hadn’t been invented
【答案】D
【解析】句意:在美國20世紀50年代的時候,大多數的家庭家裏隻有一部電(diàn)話,並(bìng)且無線電(diàn)話還根本沒有發明出來。根據句意可知用被動語态,排除A和C,事情發生在過去,與現在無關,不用現在完成時,排除B,故選D,過去完成時的被動語态。
03 将來完成時
1. 将來完成時的構成:"will/shall + have + 過去分詞"。
Hopefully after three years at university I will have matured. 希望3年大學生活之後(hòu)我能變(biàn)成熟。
Only five short years later, your money will have grown by $94,000. 僅短短 5 年時間後(hòu),你的錢就會(huì)增多 94,000 美元。
He will have been heartened by the telephone opinion poll published yesterday. 他會爲昨天公布的電(diàn)話民意調(diào)查結果感到鼓舞。
2. 将來完成的用法
(1)表示"将來完成":即表示到将來某個(gè)時間爲止勢必會完成或預計要完成的動(dòng)作。
When we get there, she’ll have gone to work. 我們到那裏時她會(huì)已經上班去瞭(le)。
I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我預料到明天你就會改變(biàn)主意瞭(le)。
(2)表示"持續":即表示某種狀況将一直持續到說話(huà)人所提及的某一将來時間(jiān)。
We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我們倆就結(jié)婚滿1年瞭(le)。
By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻,我就已經爲該(gāi)公司工作24年瞭(le)。
(3)表示"推測(cè):即表示根據(jù)某情況作出的推測(cè)。
That will have been Roland. He said he’d be back at 7. 準是羅蘭。他說他7點(diǎn)鍾回來(lái)。
There will have been a definite result before Friday. 星期五以前肯定會(huì)有結(jié)果。
1.(2019·江蘇(sū)卷·單(dān)項填空)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals_________ by 2022 for the Beijing Winer Olympics.
A. will installB. will have been installed
C. are installedD. have been installed
【答案】B
【解析】考查時态和語态。句意:他們正努力確(què)保在2022年北京冬奧(ào)會之前安裝5G終端。表示在将來某一時間以前已經完成或一直持續的動作,用将來完成時。“5G終端”和“安裝”之間是被動關系,用被動語态,故選B。
2.It’s reported that by the end of the month, the output of cement in the factory___________by about 10%.
A. will have risenB. will be rising
C. has risenD. has been rising
【答案】A
【解析】考查時态。由時間狀語"by the end of the month"可知此處(chù)表示在将來某時已經完成的動(dòng)作,因此用将來完成時。
3.You needn’t hurry her. It___________by her by the time you are ready.
A.will have been finishingB.has finished
C.will have been finishedD.will be finished
【答案】C
【解析】考查時态和語态。"by the time you are ready"表示将來的某個時間,此處(chù)表示将來完成的動作,故應使用将來完成時,根據句意,事情應該被完成,所以C項正確(què)。