語法是很多同學薄弱的地方,想要努力提分,卻總是感覺(jué)有些力不從(cóng)心?
這幾天小編将高中英語關於從句的内容全部整理瞭一遍,這部分内容也是考試中經常出現有容易出錯的部分,大家趕緊收藏起來仔細學習,把不懂的語法内容都捋順!
一、主語從句
在主句中用作主語的主謂結構稱(chēng)之爲主語從(cóng)句。
例句:
That he will come to the discussion is certain.
他來參(cān)加讨論是確(què)定的。
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.
月球繞地球轉動(dòng),這是我們(men)大家都熟知的。
When the meeting is to be held
has not yet been decide.
會(huì)議什麽時候召開還(hái)沒有決定。
主語從(cóng)句放在句首,句子常常顯得比較笨重,因此通常可以把it放在句首,作形式主語,而将主語從(cóng)句放在後(hòu)面。例如上面的句子可以分别改寫爲:
It is certain that he will come to
the discussion.
It is well known to all of us that
the moon moves round the earth.
二、賓語從句
在主句中作謂語動詞、介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語的主謂結構稱之爲賓語從句。
在引導賓語從句時,從屬連詞that在口語中和非正式文本中常省略。
1. 動詞後的賓語從句
We know that a parrot can’t really speak.
我們知道鹦鹉不會(huì)真的說話(huà)。
He wants to tell us what he thinks.
他想告訴(sù)我們(men)他所想的事情。
Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.
知道要下雨瞭(le),於(yú)是他們決定在室内工作。(現在分詞knowing的賓語從句)
I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.
我想知道你是否還在工廠(chǎng)工作。(不定式to know的賓(bīn)語從句)
The club will give whoever wins a prize.
獲勝者俱樂部将頒獎。
Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.
到目前爲止我們還(hái)不能說他的理論是否經(jīng)得住考驗。
2. 形容詞的賓語從句
有些形容詞可以用that引導賓(bīn)語從句,表示說話人對某一事物的态度並(bìng)帶有感情色彩。常見的這類形容詞有:
afraid,amazed,astonished,aware,certain,confident,delighted,glad, grateful,happy, proud,sad,sorry,sure,surprised等。
I am glad that you have come.
你來瞭,我真高興。
I am afraid that you are wrong on
this point.
恐怕你在這點(diǎn)上是錯(cuò)誤的。
He is quite confident that he will
pass the examination.
他很有信心通過(guò)這個(gè)考試。
三、表語從句
在主句中擔當表語的主謂結構稱(chēng)之爲表語從(cóng)句。
One idea is that fish is the best
brain food.
有一種看法認爲魚是最好的補(bǔ)腦(nǎo)食品。
The problem is where we can
hold our meeting.
問題是我們可以在哪兒(ér)舉行會(huì)議。
My question is how information
is stored in the long-term memory.
我的問題是信息是怎樣儲(chǔ)存在長(zhǎng)期記憶中的。
That is what he really wants.
那就是他真想要的東(dōng)西。
It seems that everything goes
smoothly.
似乎一切都進(jìn)行得很順(shùn)利。
四、同位語從句
同位語從句用於(yú)對前面出現的名詞(cí)作進一步說明,一般用連詞(cí)that引導,由於(yú)先行名詞(cí)的意義不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引導。
常見的先行名詞有:
fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.
有時由於(yú)謂語較短,将同位語從(cóng)句位於(yú)謂語之後。
如:
I had no idea how many books I
could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team
had won the championship.
名詞性從句的用法及定義
1.that 引導(dǎo)主語從(cóng)句時,that 沒有意義,但不能省略。
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.
她的頭發(fā)正在變(biàn)白,這使她很不安。
that引導(dǎo)主語從(cóng)句,it作形式主語,that不能省略。
That she is a rich woman is known
to us all.
衆(zhòng)所周知,她是個(gè)富有的女人。
這是that 引導(dǎo)主語從(cóng)句,that 不能省略。這句話可以改爲用it 作形式主語的句型。
2.從(cóng)句作主語時,多數情況下由 it 作形式主語,而把主語從(cóng)句放在後面,尤其是謂語部分(包括賓(bīn)語)較短的情況下。
例:
①It wasn’t very clear what she
meant.
不清楚她是什麽意思。
②It is important that he should
come on time.
他按時來是很重要的。
③It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here.
左邊(biān)那個(gè)人是本地的一位著名作家,這是真的。
這裏,第一個that 引導主語從句,是單純(chún)的連詞(cí),無詞(cí)義,不作句子成分。第二個that 是指示代詞(cí),作句子成分,是man 的定語。
3.whether既可以引導主語從句也可以引導賓(bīn)語從句,但if不能引導主語從句。whether 後面可以加or not, 而if 不能與or not 連用。作介詞(cí)賓(bīn)語時不用if.
如:
①Whether I knew John doesn’t
matter.
= It doesn’t matter whether I knew
John.
我是否認識約翰沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
②Whether or not she’ll come isn’t
clear.
= Whether she’ll come or not isn’t
clear.
= It isn’t clear whether ….
她是否來還不清楚。
It +動詞+從句
seem,appear,happen,look,matter,
make,strike,occur
It appeared that he had a happy
childhood.
看來他有一段幸福的童年。
It made us very happy that she was saved.
她能化險爲夷令我們大家很高興。
It is +形容詞+從句
true,strange,necessary,important,
certain,wonderful,possible,likely,probable
It is certain that free medical care
will be given to mostpeople in our city.
我們城市的多數人将享受免費(fèi)醫療(liáo),這是一定的。
It is obvious that he has been treated.
很明顯他已經被款待瞭。
It is +名詞+從句
fact,surprise,pity,honor,
common knowledge
It is common knowledge that the
moon cannot give out light.
月亮不會(huì)發(fā)光,這是常識。
It is a surprise that you gave such
an answer to the question.
你對(duì)這個問題作瞭(le)這樣的回答,令人吃驚。
It+be+分詞+從句
said,reported,believed,known,
decided,thought,expected, announced
It is said that Jack has been to
Europe.
據說Jack去過歐洲。
It was reported that a new park will be built.
據報道将要建造一個新的公園。
需要注意的是,作爲形式主語的it並(bìng)無實際意義,隻是爲瞭(le)滿足語法上的需要,避免句子頭重腳輕,它代替的是句子的邏輯主語,而真正主語由從句或不定式充當。形式主語一直都是高頻考點,同學們需要多多練習。
從句:定語從句的簡化規律
(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短語(yǔ)”
如果定語從(cóng)句的時态與主句的時态具有同時性(包括謂語有情态動詞(cí))或之後性,則可以用“關系代詞(cí)或關系副詞(cí)+不定式”來簡化,或直接用“不定式”來修飾先行詞(cí)。
We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in
which they could play in.
我們搬到瞭鄉下,好讓孩子們有個花園在裏面玩。
改爲:
We moved to the country so that the
children would have a garden in which to play.
(二)改用“介詞(cí)短語(yǔ)”
介詞(cí)短語替代定語從(cóng)句有兩種方式:
(1)省略“關系副詞(cí)+主語+be動(dòng)詞(cí)”
或“關系代詞(cí)+be動(dòng)詞(cí)”
(2)根據從(cóng)句的意思改編(biān)。
We have never forgotten the days
(when we were) at college.
我們從來沒有忘記在大學對書的日子。
I don’t know the person (who is) in
your office.
在你辦公司的那個人我不認識。
He is not a person who likes to
haggle over every ounce.
改爲:
He is a person above personal
interests.
他不是一個斤斤計較的人。
(三)改用“現在分詞(cí)短語”和“過(guò)去分詞(cí)短語”
“現在分詞(cí)短語”作後(hòu)置定語
此項要明白三點:
(1)“現在分詞(cí)短語”與前面的名詞(cí)一定是主謂關(guān)系;
(2)它隐含的時态爲與謂語動(dòng)詞(cí)同一階段的時态。
例如:謂語是一般現在時或将來時,現在分詞(cí)所隐含的是現在時、現在正在繼續時;如果謂語動(dòng)詞(cí)爲一般過去時或将來時,現在分詞(cí)所隐含的時态爲過去時、過去正在進行時;
(3)being+-ed表示“正在進行時的被動(dòng)語态”。如果信息的中心在什麽時候可以用現在分詞(cí)呢?
當被修飾的名詞爲“不定代詞”、“泛指意義的名詞”或“專有名詞”,可用現在分句短語作後置定語由於(yú)主語是泛指,句子的意思往往表達的是一條“道理”或一件“事實”,所以它們的隐含時爲“一般現在時”,此時就可以用分詞短語作後置定語。爲瞭(le)看清分詞所隐含的時态,配上定語。
爲瞭(le)大家看得明白,配上定語從句,把分詞(cí)所替代的時間展示出來
Anyone touching that wire will get
an electric stock.
任何人碰到那根電線就會觸電。
=Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.
注:雖然被修飾的詞(cí)是泛指意義的詞(cí),但是如果從(cóng)句裏的時态不是同步,則不可以用“現在分詞(cí)”去作後置定語,隻能用“定語從(cóng)句”。
Do you know anybody who has lost a dog?
你知道有誰丢瞭一隻貓?
定語從句所修飾的先行詞(cí)可以是名詞(cí)或代詞(cí),也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常位於(yú)先行詞(cí)之後,由關系代詞(cí)或關系副詞(cí)引導。
限制性定語從句
限制性定語從(cóng)句修飾先行詞(cí),對先行詞(cí)起修飾作用,緊接先行詞(cí)之後,無逗号,若省去,原句意思不完整。
引導定語從(cóng)句的關系代詞(cí)有who,whom,whose,which,that等。
who,whom,whose用於(yú)指人,whose有時也可指物,相當於(yú)of which;which用於(yú)指物;that既可指人也可指物,但隻用於(yú)限制性定語從(cóng)句中。
如:
The computers and cables which
make up the Internet are owned
by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are
sick may have trouble in getting
close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an
accident is living with her
grandmother.
1)當(dāng)先行詞(cí)是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代詞(cí)。
That is all that I ve heard from him.
He s the first person that I m going
to interview this afternoon.
2)關系代詞的省略
在從句中作賓(bīn)語的關系代詞常可省略。關系代詞緊跟介詞,作介詞賓(bīn)語時不可用that,隻可用which或whom引導從句,並(bìng)且不可省略。
如:
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (whichhat) we have to put up with.
3)引導定語從(cóng)句的關系副詞(cí)有when,where,why等。
關系副詞(cí)在從句中作狀語,意義上相當於(yú)一個“介詞(cí)+which”的結構。
如:
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day
* 非限制性定語(yǔ)從(cóng)句
非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞(cí),也可修飾整個主句,起補(bǔ)充說明作用,與主句之間有逗号隔開,若省去,原句意思不受影響。不可用that引導非限制性定語從句。關系詞(cí)不可省略。
如:
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.
“介詞(cí)+whichwhomwhose”引導的定語從(cóng)句
“介詞(cí)+whichwhomwhose”可引導限制性定語從句,也可引導非限制性定語從句,該結構中介詞(cí)的選擇取決於(yú)從句謂語動詞(cí)的固定搭配,或先行詞(cí)的習慣搭配。
如:
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
*as引導的定語從句
as引導的定語從句主要用於(yú)“such...as”及“the same...as”的結構中,代替先行詞(cí)是人或物的名詞(cí)。as引導非限制性定語從句時,代替整個主句,從句可位於(yú)主句之前、之後或中間。
如:
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.
(as代替先行詞(cí)problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主語(yǔ))
關系副詞(cí)引導的定語從(cóng)句
關系副詞(cí)可代替的先行詞(cí)是時間、地點或理由的名詞(cí),在從(cóng)句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why 關系副詞(cí)when, where, why的含義相當於(yú)"介詞(cí)+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞(cí)+ which"結構交替使用。
例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕(jué)我們幫(bāng)助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關系副詞
that可以用於(yú)表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞(cí)後取代when, where, why和"介詞(cí)+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。
例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父親(qīn)在他出生那年逝世瞭(le)。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方。
關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並(bìng)在句中充當主語、賓(bīn)語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一緻。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(隻用作定語, 若指物,它還(hái)可以同of which互換(huàn))
例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人車壞瞭,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book
whose (of which) cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞(cí)是事物的名詞(cí)或代詞(cí),在從句中可作主語、賓(bīn)語等
狀語從句
✩地點狀語從句
引導地點狀語從(cóng)句的連詞(cí)是where,wherever.
✩原因、結果和目的狀語從句
1)引導原因狀語從(cóng)句的從(cóng)屬連詞(cí)有:because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。
2)引導結果狀語從(cóng)句的連詞(cí)有:
so...that, such...that , so that,that,so等。
Eg.Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.
3)引導目的狀語從(cóng)句的連詞(cí)有:
so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等,
從(cóng)句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态動詞(cí)。
Eg. We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
✩條件和讓步狀語從句
1)引導條件狀語從(cóng)句的連詞(cí)和詞(cí)組:
if,unless, as(so) long as,
on condition that,in case,
provided(providing) that, supposing等。
Eg. As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
2)引導讓步狀語從(cóng)句的連詞(cí)和詞(cí)組:
though,although,whether,
even though,even if,no matter what
whatever (whenever,wherever,however....) 等。
though,even if等引導(dǎo)狀語從(cóng)句可轉換成含有as的部分倒裝結構,具有強調意義。
其結構爲“形容詞(cí)(副詞(cí)、動(dòng)詞(cí)、名詞(cí))+as+主語+謂語”。
Eg. No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
✩時間狀語從句
引導時間狀語從(cóng)句的從(cóng)屬連詞(cí)和詞(cí)組有:
when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。
eg. We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
狀語從句常用引導詞
✧時間狀語從句
常用引導詞:
when、as、while、as soon as、before、after、since、till、until
特殊引導詞:
the minute、the moment、the second、every time、immediately、the day、 directly、no sooner…than(一……就……)、hardly…when(剛(gāng)一……就……)、scarcely…when(幾(jǐ)乎沒有…的時候)
✧地點狀語從句
常用引導詞:where
特殊引導(dǎo)詞(cí):wherever、anywhere、everywhere
✧原因狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞(cí):because、since、as、for
特殊引導(dǎo)詞(cí):seeing that、now that、in that、considering that、given that
✧結果狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞(cí):so…that、such…that
特殊引導(dǎo)詞(cí):such that、to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that
✧目的狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞(cí):so that、such that
特殊引導(dǎo)詞(cí):to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that、in order that
✧條件狀語從句
常用引導詞:
if、unless、whether(whether…or not)
特殊引導詞:
as/so long as、only if、providing/provide that、supposing that、in case that、on condition that
✧讓步狀語從句
常用引導詞:
though、although、even if、even though
特殊引導詞:
as(用在讓(ràng)步狀語從(cóng)句中必須要倒裝)、while(一般用在句首)、no matter…、in spite of the fact that、whatever、whoever、wherever、whenever、however、whichever
✧方式狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞(cí):as、as if、how
特殊引導(dǎo)詞(cí):the way
✧比較狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞(cí):as(同級比較)、than(不同程度的比較)
特殊引導詞:
the more…the more…、just as…、so…、A to B is what/as C is to D、no…more than、not so much A as B
區分 that 與 what 引導的從句
一、引導主語從句
that與what都可引導主語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
二、引導賓語從句
that與what都可引導賓語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,一般情況下可以省略,但當有兩個以上的賓語從句時,隻能省掉第一個that。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
三、引導表語從句
that與what都可引導表語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,且不能省略;what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
四、引導同位語從句
that與what都可引導同位語從句修飾表示抽象概念的名詞,對所修飾的名詞的具體内容進行詳細闡述。這類名詞有:
fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion, proposal等。that在從(cóng)句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從(cóng)句中可作主語、賓(bīn)語、表語等,不能省略。
五、引導定語從句
that可引導定語從句且在定語從句中作主語或賓語,that既可指人也可指物。that在從句中作賓語時可省略。
注意:
what不能引導(dǎo)定語從(cóng)句。
如不能說:
1.He did all what he could to save the patient.
2.All what he needs is more time.
應将句中的what改爲that,或去掉what,還可以将以上兩句中的all去掉。
六、引導狀語從句
so...that, such ...that, so that結構引導狀語從句。what不能引導狀語從句,但whatever, no matter what可引導讓步狀語從句。
如:
Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t burn them.
請把幼苗放在陰涼(liáng)處(chù)以免太陽曬枯它們。
Don’t believe him no matter what he says.
無論(lùn)他說什麽(me),都不要相信他。