學習構詞法基礎(chǔ)知識是非常有好處(chù)的,它可以使我們能夠輕松認識更多單詞,以一種巧妙的方式擴大詞彙量,短期内記住更多的單詞。
英語中的構(gòu)詞(cí)法主要有三種,即轉化法、合成法和派生法。
在英語中,一個單詞由一種詞性轉化爲另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉化法。
1. 動詞轉化爲名詞
●Let me have a try.
讓我試試。
●They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.
在學校裏(lǐ)隻準許他們(men)出售不含酒精的飲料。
2. 名詞轉化爲動詞
●He shouldered his way through the crowd.
他用肩膀推開(kāi)人群前進(jìn)。
●The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
從廚(chú)房傳(chuán)來的氣味使他流口水。
3. 形容詞轉化爲動詞
●We will try our best to better our living conditions.
我們要盡(jǐn)力改善我們的生活狀況(kuàng)。
●They tried to perfect the working conditions.
他們努力改善工作條件。
4. 形容詞轉化爲名詞
●He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.
他不辨是非。
●The old in our village are living a happy life.
我們村的老年人過(guò)著(zhe)幸福的生活。
5. 形容詞轉化爲副詞
●How long have you lived there?
你在那兒住多久瞭?
6. 個别詞在一定場合中可轉化爲名詞
●Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.
穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須(xū)的。
●Life is full of ups and downs.
人生有得意時(shí)也有失意時(shí)。
●His argument contains too many ifs and buts.
他的辯(biàn)論(lùn)中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。
由兩個或兩個以上的單(dān)詞(cí)連在一起合成一個新詞(cí),這種構詞(cí)法叫做合成法,合成的詞(cí)叫做合成詞(cí)。合成詞(cí)一般看其詞(cí),知其意。
1. 合成名詞
●名詞(cí)/代詞(cí)+名詞(cí) newspaper blood-test she-wolf
●動(dòng)詞(cí)+名詞(cí) typewriter pickpocket daybreak
●形容詞(cí)+名詞(cí) greenhouse highway
●副詞(cí)+名詞(cí) overcoat outside
●名詞(cí)+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞(cí) handwriting reading-room freezing-point
●動(dòng)詞(cí)+副詞(cí)/ 副詞(cí)+ 動(dòng)詞(cí) breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome
●名詞(cí)+介詞(cí)+名詞(cí) sister-in-law editor-in-chief
2. 合成形容詞
●名詞(cí)+形容詞(cí)/形容詞(cí)+名詞(cí) world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term
●副詞(cí)+形容詞(cí) over-anxious evergreen
●名詞(cí)+過(guò)去分詞(cí) man-made sun-burnt
●名詞(cí)+現(xiàn)在分詞(cí) peace-loving English-speaking
●形容詞(cí)+現(xiàn)在分詞(cí) good-looking easy-going
●副詞(cí)+過(guò)去分詞(cí) well-informed widespread
●副詞(cí)+現(xiàn)在分詞(cí) hardworking far-reaching
●形容詞(cí)+名詞(cí)+ed warm-hearted absent-minded
●數(shù)詞(cí)+名詞(cí)+ed three-legged ten-storied
●數(shù)詞(cí)+名詞(cí) one-way five–star
●數(shù)詞(cí)+名詞(cí)+形容詞(cí) ten-year-old 800-meter-long
●名詞(cí)+to+名詞(cí) face –to-face door - to -door
3. 合成動詞
●名詞(cí)+動(dòng)詞(cí) baby-sit sleepwalk
●副詞(cí)+動(dòng)詞(cí) outnumber underestimate overwork
●形容詞(cí)+動(dòng)詞(cí) whitewash
4. 合成副詞
●形容詞(cí)+名詞(cí) meanwhile anyway
●形容詞(cí)+副詞(cí) everywhere anyhow
●副詞(cí)+副詞(cí) however
●介詞(cí)+名詞(cí) beforehand overhead
●介詞(cí)+副詞(cí) forever
5. 合成代詞
●代詞(cí)賓(bīn)格+self/selves herself themselves
●物主代詞(cí)+self/selves myself yourselves
●形容詞(cí)+名詞(cí) anything nothing
6. 合成介詞
●副詞(cí)+名詞(cí) inside outside
●介詞(cí)+副詞(cí) without within
●副詞(cí)+介詞(cí) into
由一個詞(cí)加上前綴或後綴構成一個與原單(dān)詞(cí)意義相近或截然相反的新詞(cí)叫做派生法。
1. 前綴
除少數前綴外,前綴一般改變(biàn)單詞(cí)的意義,但不改變(biàn)單詞(cí)的詞(cí)性。
(1)表示否定意義的前綴
●un- unhappy unfinished undress
●dis- disagree disbelieve
●in- [il-(在字母l前),im- (在字母m,b,p前),ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular
●mis- misbehave mislead mistake
●non- nonstop nonsmoker
(2)表示其他意義的前綴
●en- “使……”enrich enlarge encourage
●inter- “相互”international intercontinental
●re- “再,又,重”rethink retell recycle
●tele- “遠(yuǎn)程的”telescope telephone telegraph
●auto- “自動(dòng)的”automatic automobile
●co- “共同”coworker cooperate coexist
●anti- “反對(duì),抵抗”antiwar antifreeze antinuclear
●multi- “多”multistory multicultural multicolor
●bi- “雙(shuāng),二”bicycle bilingual bilateral
●micro- “極(jí)小的,微小的”microwave microcomputer
●over- “太多,過(guò)分”overwork overdo overestimate
●self- “自己,本身”self-centered self-confident self-control
●under- “在……下面,……下的,不足的”underline, underground, underestimate, underrate
2. 後綴
(1)形容詞後綴
●-able “可……的,具有……的”acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable
●-al “與(yǔ)……有關(guān)的”physical, magical, political
●-an “屬(shǔ)於(yú)某地方的人”American African
●-ern “方向”southern, northern, eastern
●-ful/ less “(沒(méi))有……的”helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless
●-ish “如……的;有……特征的”foolish childish selfish
●-ive “有……傾(qīng)向的”active attractive expensive
●-en “由……制成的”golden wooden woolen
●-ous “有(性質(zhì))的”famous, dangerous, poisonous
●-ly “有……性質(zhì)的”friendly yearly daily
●-y “構(gòu)成形容詞(cí)”noisy dusty cloudy
(2)名詞後綴
●-er / or “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container
●-ese “某國(guó)(人)的”Chinese, Japanese
●-ian “某國(guó)、某地人;精通……的人”musician, Asian, Russian, technician
●-ist “某種主義(yì)或職業(yè)者”physicist, scientist, communist,socialist
●-ess “表女性,雌性”hostess, actress, princess
●-ment “行爲(wèi)或其狀(zhuàng)态”government, movement, achievement
●-ness “性質(zhì),狀(zhuàng)态”illness, sadness, carelessness
●-tion “動(dòng)作,過(guò)程,結果”invention, organization, translation
●-ance/ ence “抽象;行爲(wèi)、性質(zhì)、狀态”importance, appearance, absence, existence
●-th “性質(zhì)、情況(kuàng)” depth, warmth, truth
●-ful “(滿(mǎn)的)量”handful, spoonful, mouthful
●-(a)bility “抽象、性質(zhì)、狀(zhuàng)态”possibility, disability, reliability
●-al “過(guò)程、狀(zhuàng)态”survival, arrival, approval
●-y “性質(zhì)、情況(kuàng)”modesty, delivery, honesty
●-dom “處(chù)於(yú)……狀态;性質”freedom, boredom
●-age “狀态,行爲(wèi),身份及其結(jié)果”courage, storage, marriage
(3)動詞後綴
●-fy / ify “使得;變(biàn)得” simplify, beautify, purify
●-en “使成爲(wèi);變(biàn)得” shorten, deepen, sadden
●-ize “使成爲(wèi)” apologize, realize, specialize
(4)副詞後綴
●-ly “方式,程度” freely, truly, angrily
●-ward(s) “向……” towards, forward, upwards
(5)數詞後綴
●-teen “十幾(jǐ)” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
●-ty “整十位數(shù)” forty, fifty, sixty
●-th “序數(shù)詞(cí)” twelfth, twentieth